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In general, industrial castors can be sub-divided into two main types:
Castor applications can be divided into two main categories:
In the case of (1) it is essential that castors should have the lowest tractive resistance and should be able to swivel freely so that the trolley can be manoeuvred without too much effort. To achieve this, wheels should be at least 100mm diameter and preferably 150mm or more, regardless of the rated capacity. For category (2) smaller castors may be acceptable and are often used at their full rated capacity.
Swivel castors – an assembly in which a housing containing a wheel is free to swivel without restriction about the vertical axis of the swivel bearing with the castor wheel axle offset.
Fixed castors – an assembly housing a wheel which cannot swivel about its vertical axis.
Wheels – a revolving centre rotating freely on an axle of which the external part (in contact with the ground) can be constituted by the material of the wheel itself or by various other materials.
Offset – the horizontal distance between the centre of the wheel axle and the vertical axis of the swivel bearing: this may sometimes be known as trail.
Tractive resistance – the effort required to move a piece of equipment fitted with castors: this is usually expressed as a percentage of the total load carried.
Great care has been taken in choosing ratings which will ensure satisfactory life, performance and ability to withstand reasonable abuse under normal conditions.
There are, however, many occasions when it is necessary to under rate castors to ensure the correct degree of mobility for the unit.
When castors are fitted to a trolley which is regularly used for transportation of goods or products, it is necessary to specify a minimum of 150mm wheel diameter and choose swivel heads for this type of application.
When castors are to be fitted to a piece of equipment for occasional movement, it is often possible to use quite small castors provided they have sufficient load capacity.
All dimensions and load capacities are, unless otherwise stated, in metric i.e. mm and kgs. In some cases, wheel diameters are displayed in inches in addition to mm if it is significant to the castor code, i.e. KV6SUB indicates a KV castor with a 6” or 150mm wheel.
The online catalogue details products from different brands: British Castors, Flexello Castors, Revvo Castors and Rhombus Rollen Castors, etc. For details of specific part numbers please refer to the detailed descriptions shown.
Working conditions for castors may vary enormously both with regard to the type of floor and also the severity of the actual application. Average working conditions are typified by many factors where one or more hazards (e.g. overloading and shock loading are possible, the floor may not be reasonably level and may contain cracks, gullies, door guide rails etc. and the floor surface may be of an abrasive nature), may be present to a limited degree. Although there are many variables in the selection of the correct castor for the particular application, the total load to be carried on the castors is generally known. It must be appreciated, however, that load capacity is not the only factor to be considered in choosing castors for a specific job. It may often be necessary to choose a castor having given a load capacity several times greater than the conditions appear to warrant ensuring that the castors are capable of giving the desired performance. The factory should be consulted if there is any doubt that a castor or wheel is capable of providing the desired performance.
In accordance with the relevant ISO standard, top plate fixing holes have a working clearance of 1mm for all bolts up to 12mm, and 2mm for larger sizes. This accommodates minor positional errors in the manufacture of the trolley but also allows the castors to be misaligned to the point where drag and tyre wear could be excessive. It is therefore necessary to align the castors correctly before the bolts are finally tightened.
For manual applications the choice of correct castor wheel is very closely related to the effort which a man can exert. In choosing the type of wheel to specify consideration should be given to tractive resistance, which is normally expressed as a percentage of the total load carried, and is dependent on a number of factors and will vary for each application. In general terms wheels can be divided into two main types:
Resilient or Soft Tread Wheels, such as rubber or polyurethane, offer quietness and floor protection but may limited ease of movement as the tractive resistance or effort required to move them is generally up to three times greater than that of the equivalent hard tread wheels. Polyurethane has the property of being able to carry loads approaching that of cast iron and has a great resistance to tearing and to abrasive wear (many time the life of rubber). It also has a lower tractive resistance than rubber for the same load and is impervious to mineral oils and greases. For many high load applications soft tread wheels must be ruled out as, although they are capable of carrying a very high load the force required to move the equipment would require the efforts of several men. However, the quiet running and floor protecting properties of the resilient tread wheels make them particularly suitable for power towing applications.
In the range of hard tread wheels it is usual to consider castors with cast iron wheels as a basic standard as these are generally the strongest and have the longest life. They are the easiest to push and will, in many cases be the first choice for maximum mobility. They have the disadvantage, however, of being noisy and can sometimes cause excessive floor wear.
Injection moulded solid nylon wheels are an alternative to cast iron; nylon is unaffected by water and its use in the wet further enhances its self-lubricating properties. The load capacity of nylon approaches that of cast iron and these wheels also have the additional advantages of being quiet running, light in weight and almost incapable of damaging floors. They can be used in the temperature range -40°C to 80°C, although it may be necessary to derate the load capacity of the wheels by up to 25% for very arduous conditions. For higher temperature applications reinforced phenolic wheels are also available.
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